A Womans Body Image And Sexuality - 1442 Words

The perceptions of a womans body image and sexuality though revolving, have gained momentum since the late 1880’s. The advent of department stores during the Gilded Age opened a new opportunity to woman who for the first time were targeted consumers. The department store’s of the Gilded Age aimed to transform the shopping experience into a leisure activity. Women were not heading to a shop because they needed a dress, but rather because they needed a distraction. Many stores provided public restrooms- a first for women, as well as pampering services, refreshments, and top of the line customer service. In addition woman could congregate and shop with friends while discovering new fashion to wear to whatever pop-up exhibit was in town. The movement towards premade fashion, at fixed prices meant that women were able to buy their clothing on the spot. This was the first time that women were â€Å"allowed to attract attention, and they were rewarded if they did so with prop er panche† However, as time goes forth and fads change, the tribulations of a woman s body image has stayed a constant struggle even with acceptance of women in the public sphere. â€Å"The rejection of the small, thin, and retiring female image came at a time when women were, in every way, becoming more visible.† The Gilded age was a time when larger women were seen as more attractive. However with photography becoming popular and women who wished to embrace curves would utilize padding, cosmetics, fake hair and evenShow MoreRelatedEssay Iconography and Iconology of an Advertisement798 Words   |  4 Pagesmany images depicting nude women. From Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus to Ingres’s Grande Odelisque, many artists like the idea of painting a woman in the nude in an interesting pose. Even modern images in contemporary magazines depict nude images. Yves Saint Laurent’s advertisement of their fragrance Opium depicts a nude woman covering her breast. Her pose is a symbol of the iconography, while beauty serves as the iconology. The understanding of the iconography and iconology of this image by contemporaryRead MorePortrayal Of A frican American Women1538 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American female sexuality. They are informed by historical experience and imagery therefore black women are perceived to be alluring and seductive with an uncontrollable sexual appetite. The characterization of African American women as a promiscuous Jezebels reaffirm society s belief that African American women are less individualistic. Is it possible for black women to express sexuality while not conforming to stereotypes? In an attempt to redefine black sexuality, black female artists reclaimRead MorePrejudice Against Women By Nancy Tuana And Young, White, And Miserable By Wini Breines1000 Words   |  4 Pagescreation myths allowing its perpetuity. Conceptions of women s bodies and sexuality provide a basis for discrimination and men s control over women, and by examining The Less Noble Sex by Nancy Tuana and Young, White, and Miserable by Wini Breines, a conclusion about prejudice against women is attained. The perpetuity of prejudice against women, that continues today, encounters origins in several creation myths. In a Greek creation myth, woman was created by Zeus as a punishment for the misdeeds committedRead MoreAcceptance Necessary For Survival : The Movie Boys Don t Cry 991 Words   |  4 Pagescontribute to Brandon Tenna’s new body image. The first action you see is Brandon fixing his collard flannel shirt, he then continues to fix his hair by licking his hand then flattening the top, and finishes the scene by stuffing his blue jeans with a sock. If we look at this scene in this detail we can notice a few key concepts that effect Brandon’s life, and one of those is Brandon’s strive for acceptance. Brandon’s acceptance was achieved by changing his body image from that of a female to that ofRead MoreDark Light Streams From The Ceiling1229 Words   |  5 Pagesred armchairs, small groups of white men stare expectantly at a large stage. On it, a scan tily clad woman has just begun her routine. With a club capacity at just over 200, Deja Vu Nashville â€Å"gives way to 40+ sexy nude nubile in a relaxing atmosphere that you could almost call home.† A popular Nashville strip club, Deja Vu Nashville creates a heavily sexualized environment, where gender and sexuality are both explicit and exaggerated. Moreover, at Deja Vu Nashville, strong gendered expectations existRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrisson s Sula 1359 Words   |  6 Pagescontrol over what you don’t.† While perceptions towards female sexuality have become more and more liberal over time, they still tend towards an expediently bigoted dynamic in which women are only encouraged to be sexual to an extent. The idea of women being self-confident, even single-minded, in cultivating rousing sex lives is still often looked upon as immoral and impure. In Toni Morrisson’s novel Sula, not only is female sexuality lopsidedly categorized, it is seen as w orthy for castigation.Read MoreSexual Education Is Important Today892 Words   |  4 PagesSexuality plays a major role in everyone’s life, and it is a part of being human regardless of the gender, age, race, or religion. Everyone has their way of expressing their sexuality, either with thoughts and fantasy, or with their sexual partners. Sexuality could be controlled or ruled by the person’s desires, and whatever they fantasize is what fits their hidden personality. Also, religion and education could control their thoughts into disliking some acts of the sexual activities, like anal orRead MoreBlack Feminism s Speech At The Ohio Women s Rights Convention Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these together ought to be able to turn it back and get it right side up again.† This is from abolitionist and women’s rights activist Sojourner Truth’s speech at the Ohio Women s Rights Convention in 1851. This is probably the most relevant messages that feminist everywhere can follow behind. Feminism is simply the advocacy of equality of sexes social, political, and economic, but until this can happenRead MoreAdvertisement On The Label Of The Beer Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesonly the body of the beer bottle with a woman leaning against it. She is in a skin-tight one-piece outfit that continues the label on the bottle where she is leaning. I believe this ad is extremely harmful to society in many different aspects including the way it associates drinking alcohol with sex and both sexualizes and objectifies the woman in the advertisement. The assumed audience for this advertisement is men. The ad relates the beer to what is culturally accepted as an attractive woman, in revealingRead MoreAnalysis of Contemporary Magazine Content1183 Words   |  5 PagesMagazine Content Introduction In the twenty-first century, both men and women have become targeted groups in advertising. Both target markets are flooded with images and content that promotes stereotypical sexual identities that are based on sexual images as well as cultural notions of gender roles. When flipping through a magazine a woman or girl would see ads for cosmetic surgery, makeup, wedding dresses, perfume, diets, jewelry and the list goes on. Women are affected on many levels by the flawless

Comparison of Womens Struggles in Use by Alice Walker and...

The story â€Å"Use† written by Alice Walker is set in the southern state of Georgia in the late 1960’s or early 1970’s. Alice walker is known for writing stories about women who are portrayed as victims, and stories that have unhappy endings. Use stood out from Walkers other stories because her protagonist had such confidence and stood up for her family’s legacy against her own daughter, who views herself as one who above her family and her past. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, the story depicts a character, Emily, who went through a major struggle in her life, and had a hard time finding her place in the world, as in the rest of his stories. The story is set sometime after the civil war, in the late 1800’s†¦show more content†¦Emily has a black servant who gardens and cooks and doesn’t have much of a role in her life. A short time after her father died Homer Barron was introduced into her life; they are seen going on carriage rides on Sunday’s. Emily goes to buy Arsenic one day to kill â€Å"rats† and the town thinks she is going to kill herself, but in the end she poisoned Homer so he wouldn’t leave her like her father did. She then closed herself in her house and sheltered herself from the outside world until she died. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† showed how even as much as she tried Emily didn’t know how to survive or adjust to the world around her, because of her upbringing. Emily had to hold on things because she feared they would leave her, because growing up she was so sheltered. â€Å"†¦she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will.† After her father died she didn’t know how to let go or react even after how he treated her all her life. â€Å"†¦her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flu ng front door.† She even denied his death for days after he died, â€Å"She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body.† Emily lashed out and

Industrial Revolution Essay - 1555 Words

The topic I have chosen to discuss related to the last 400 years in Western Civilization is the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The Industrial Revolution was what created the modern capitalist system. Britain was the first to lead the way in this huge transformation. Technology changed, businesses, manufactured goods, and wage laborers skyrocketed. There was not only an economic transformation, but also a social transformation. The Industrial Revolution is such an interesting subject to further explore, because it truly made a difference in Britain in the late 1700s. The Industrial Revolution brought an increased quantity and variety of manufactured goods and even improved the standard of living for some individuals, however, it†¦show more content†¦They operated at night and in disguise, these Luddites smashed the new textile machinery, the ones that the factory owners had introduced. They believed that the technological advanced machines will dominate production a nd replace the workers, and no human beings would be employed. They feared that the lack of employment would result in economic decline and more poverty. Even in today’s day, we can see individuals who can be referred as Luddites, due to their objection to the introduction of new technology. The encounters between workers and the bourgeoisie did heighten an awareness of the class divisions that were found in British society. Levack, B. P., Muir, E., Veldman, M. (2011). The West: Encounters transformations (Vol. 2: Since 1550) (3rd ed). New York, NY: Longman. There were many social and economic changes that made the industrial development possible. The steady increase in the British population, the improved agricultural productivity, the accumulation of large amounts of capital, and the demand for manufactured goods were all factors that encouraged the mechanization of industry. The increase of the population in Britain during the 18th century is what led to the Industrial Revolution. The increase of population facilitated the industrialization by the domestic demand forShow MoreRelatedEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history be dived up into three pieces of varying length; hundreds of thousands years before â€Å"the agricultural revolution†, thousands of years between this and the Industrial revolution and the two hundreds years after the beginning of Industrial revolution. BeforeRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Industrial Revolution In the 19th century, America became an industrial country, the powered machinery shifted the industry into mass production. The development of steam engines improved the transportation system, further, increased the production of iron and steel. The textile industries have begun to develop, and produce various products. The industrialization leads to accessible banking, further, deliver telegraph communication to many businesses through locomotive trains. This essayRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial quot;revolutionsquot; throughout European history and non-Eu ropean history. In Europe, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1279 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which reached America. In New England the population was largely English, but America as a whole had more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be found. America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities, rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a people they had been stripedRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay841 Words   |  4 Pages19th century, a period of industrial revolutions transformed the west as it is known and the people living there. The first and second industrial revolutions shaped the west as it is today through changes in manufacturing, labor, and the exchange of ideas and goods. Inventions and ideas of the time changed the way goods are made. Advances in manufacturing, whereas previously, families would work in their homes and rural farms with many workers, after the industrial revolutions, manufacturing was doneRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesDue to the Industrial Revolution, many changes started occurring in this new era such as the factories began to use more mechanics, limiting skill needed to produce products as well as hastening the harvesting of raw materials. Secondarily there was a huge standard of living and wage drop in cities due to urbanization which occurred after the factories created an abundance of jobs. Also, there was a huge shift in the population and there was a massive population growth due to the excess food andRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Industrial Revolution The Agriculture Revolution was a time when people worked the land by using simple hand tools. By the 1800’s, most people in Western Europe and the United States lived on farms. The nation’s economy was based on farming and the making of goods by hand and trading. They lived in rural areas in little cottages lit with firelight and candles. They made their own clothes and grew their own food. The system of making your own clothes was called the putting out systemRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesConditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigatorRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution During the 1800s, phenomenal changes took place in America. These changes would impact our society incredibly for years to come and even still in the present. The major changes that took place were in transportation and industry. American society expanded so much in the early 1800s that it very well could have been the only time in history where this happened in such a short amount of time. From steamboats to railroads and from textile mills to interchangeable parts

New Product Development Approach followed by Japan and UK

Question: Research and discuss a typically Japanese approach to product development when compared with a typically UK approach. Answer: Introduction The guidelines of the diversion in new item improvement are evolving. Numerous organizations have found that it takes more than the acknowledged nuts and bolts of top notch, minimal effort, and separation to exceed expectations in today's focused business sector. It additionally takes rate and adaptability. Advancement is fundamental to the development and accomplishment of any brand, yet it isn't simple. Those in charge of advancement and new item improvement confront a large group of difficulties, and by addressing some of these business pioneers, we revealed some intriguing truths about what's included in putting up new items for sale to the public (Pandey et al., 2012). Japanese and UKs Approaches to New Product Development Numerous organizations are looking for approaches to create items all the more rapidly and productively or to enhance existing items, are recasting their associations with suppliersfrequently displaying their endeavors on methodologies embraced by world-class Japanese makers, for example, Toyota and Nissan. The favored Japanese practices incorporate utilizing suppliers and longer-term associations, pushing suppliers to enhance ceaselessly and including suppliers in the outline and improvement of items. Those practices are being peered toward, as well, by suppliers all through the world that would like to win or build the business with substantial Japanese modern associations (Hamel Prahalad, 2013) Dealing with suppliers: Japanese makers treat practically all their essential, or first-level, suppliersthose that arrangement specifically with the auto constructing agent as close accomplices. They normally view just a modest bunch as accomplices and allocate more restricted parts to the rest. Japanese organizations structure their advancement programs hard and utilization targets and models to keep suppliers in line. The customary way of thinking proposes that Japanese organizations consider all their first-level suppliers as selective accomplices and that they give them early facts about new items or item changeovers (Ganotakis, 2012). UK Innovation offerings help customers build up a wide exhibit of capacities to attain to market-driving income and productivity development. They have effectively helped numerous associations grow new inventive organizations, items, and administrations. Best Practices: The investigation of best practices, on the other hand, uncovers that Japanese automakers relegate suppliers diverse parts and give even first-level suppliers differing levels of obligation regarding item improvement. (Regularly, a Japanese automaker has around 100 to 200 first-level suppliers.) Interestingly, this world-class group incorporates all the enormous suppliers (Fuchs Schreier, 2011). Prototyping: A couple of suppliers can make the interests of staff, PC helped outline (CAD) frameworks, prototyping offices, and innovative work abilities that a genuine organization with their clients requires. Little suppliers are frequently as well inclining to station architects full-time in their clients' workplaces or to promise real assets to the improvement of items they won't make and offer for three more years. Nor would automakers like to manage all first-level suppliers as accomplices. As most leaders know, the Japanese level structure disentangles correspondence in the middle of clients and suppliers: first-level suppliers organize the exercises on the second level thus on down the chain of command, permitting clients to concentrate rare correspondence assets on the top level (Poetz Schreier, 2012). Still, with 100 to 200 first-level suppliers, an automaker can't undoubtedly work with every one of them as accomplices in item advancement. Shrewd organizations hold associ ations for suppliers that have exceptional innovation, modern administration, and worldwide range. As one Toyota official puts it, "One more supplier on the rundown is more work. Unless the supplier has esteem, why isn't that right? It is the incorporation of the innovation of the supplier that is the premise of the long haul relationship. In UK, product development feature on inner abilities, going from innovation, incubators to worldwide RD focuses (Durmuolu Barczak, 2011). Component density: Segment advancements give the best chances of Japanese organizations to apply their assembling aptitude to the upper hand because the mechanical and electrical parts for most customer items have long life cycles. In the wake of creating key part advances, Japanese organizations have possessed the capacity to plan and present an extensive variety of items in view of those innovations. The objective of Japanese organizations included in the hardware items rivalry is to meet client necessities (Sanderson, 2013). Of every client prerequisite, five appear to command: lower expense, higher unwavering quality, better execution, longer life before battery revives, and lighter weight/littler size. Every one of the five variables rely on upon a couple of key, "lower-tech" abilities identified with making more-coordinated segments; these thusly rely on upon great get together gear that can put countless parts into littler and littler ranges. Multiplying part thickness each er a is a reasonable target in Japan's hardware industry. As in the semiconductor business where there is a course of new innovation coming about because of taking after Moore's Law, there is a course of innovation coming about because of taking after the "higher thickness law of electronic gatherings." In the recent case, this is a result of better, more dependable, profoundly adaptable electronic gathering hardware (Chen, Reilly Lynn, 2012). UK unrivaled involvement in conveying Innovation capacities is supported by profound learning on the most proficient method to move associations to both advance center item/benefits development and improvement levers and find new ways to development. Structure and Discipline: World-class Japanese automakers oversee item advancement firmly. They set clear, reasonable objectives and impart them reliably to suppliers, and they utilize targets and models to implement those objectives. It is a straightforward, inflexible methodology, much like a sequential construction system. Suppliers must "keep the line moving"a very controlled part. The straightforwardness of the Japanese diagrams reflects years of clear and steady correspondence in the middle of suppliers and clients. The suppliers we met could clarify decisively the point of reference occasions, their timing, and clients' desires through their comprehension of this grasp (Brown, 2014). UK development endeavor is creating top-line and main concern development lies at the heart of any association's capacity to convey shareholder esteem. Japanese Culture: Japanese mainstream culture not just mirrors the demeanor and concerns of the present day, additionally gives a connection to the past. Numerous anime and manga are extremely prominent around the globe and keep on getting to be prevalent, and Japanese feature recreations, music, form, and amusement shows; this has made Japan an "excitement superpower" alongside the United States and the United Kingdom. In the late 1980s, the family was the center of recreation exercises, for example, outings to stops or shopping areas. Despite the fact that Japan is frequently considered as a persevering society with little time for recreation, the Japanese look for stimulation wherever they can. It is regular to see Japanese suburbanites riding the train to work, appreciating their most loved manga, or listening through headphones t o the most recent in mainstream music on convenient music players (Sasaki Hutchins, 2014). A wide mixture of sorts of famous amusement is accessible. There is a vast choice of music, movies, and the results of an enormous comic book industry, among different manifestations of amusement, from which to pick. Amusement focuses, playing back streets, and karaoke are mainstream joint spots for high scholars while more seasoned individuals may play shogi or go in particular parlors. In UK, the best CEOs positioned advancement as the most obvious methodology for development. Expanding aggressive weights and a need to convey development imply that CEOs perceive the need to offer new items and administrations for sale to the public rapidly and proficiently (Borgo et al., 2013). Discussion In order to advance high caliber, the Japanese utilize the sub-ideas of aggregate quality control (TQC), or zero deformities, and quality at the source (jidoka). Jidoka places accentuation on redressing issues when and where they happen. Actualizing these quality ideas clearly requires devoted laborers. Top notch additionally obliges close associations with merchants to protect that the firm gets deformity free crude materials and close associations with clients to guarantee that clients' particulars are met. The Japanese view this as a co-fate association with their merchants and clients. These associations give linkages over the whole esteem bind that prompt less, more dependable merchants and more regular conveyances from sellers, and to clients. UK firms have generally utilized various sellers and set more accentuation on value fluctuations and amount rebates. Hence, quality has not got the most elevated need. Deciding the ideal level of value has been the standard for UK firms ( Snow et al., 2011). Albeit there seems, by all accounts, to be another accentuation on quality in the UK the fresher American methodology is still grounded in advancement hypothesis. In this new approach, which has been alluded to as the "Ideal Economic Conformance Model", avoidance and evaluation expenses are adjusted for inward and outer disappointment costs. This is in a broad sense not quite the same as the element TQC methodology in which an organization can't have a lot of values (Wang Rafiq, 2014). The ceaseless change idea likewise influences Japanese choices in the region of hardware procurement and usage. Numerous Japanese organizations have a tendency to plan and painstakingly keep up their own particular hardware with preventive upkeep focused at the administrator level. Gear parts are supplanted before they break to forestall unmoving time (muda) from happening amid creation runs. In-house gear improvement additionally advances advancement and permits the Japanese to keep up the innovative initiative. UK firms, then again, are to some degree more slanted to purchase turn-key frameworks and supplant parts just when they separate. In the Japanese JER or JIT framework, upkeep is required, not an optional choice to be utilized for moving expenses from current to future periods. It is likewise essential to note that purchasing creation hardware from others is another type of influence that gives certain transient advantages to the buyer. On the other hand, the impediment of th is strategy is the higher long haul danger of losing the piece of the overall industry to the mechanical pioneers (Tsuji, Tiwana Sakurai, 2012). Purchasing innovation off the rack keeps the firm from contending on the premise of item separation, or advancement, since contenders will have entry to the same innovation. The Japanese union likewise has the vital impact in supporting the persistent change idea and its numerous related sub-ideas. In Japan, unions are organization supported and are a greater amount of an expansion of administration than a different substance made to speak to specialists. The union ordinarily attempts to advance collaboration by supporting a little number of employment orders, impressive broadly educating and a no strike approach UK union approaches clash with the JER and JIT ideas by obliging countless characterizations that preclude broadly educating. The UK union has an enemy association with the administration and uses the strike as a weapon to attain to higher wages and advantages for union individuals (Tyre Orlikowski, 2012). Another way that Japanese and conventional UK administration practices contrast is in the territory of generation. The Japanese have a tendency to fabricate littler more centered plants where work is performed by the successive request to uproot irregularities (mura) as indicated by project worksheets. The thought is to evacuate squandered or pointless movements to enhance productivity UK plants have a tendency to be bigger and less centered where American specialists by and large perform the work at the request of their inclination. Conclusion Innovation improvement exercises of the producing products are client and item determined. The overwhelming business sector position is involved with suppliers best see how to meet and build market needs. The criteria for achievement are scrupulousness, clear comprehension of client needs, and immaculate execution. Unmistakably, as to high-volume electronic get together; clients interest lower expense, enhanced usefulness, littler size, and lighter weight, particularly for more versatile items. Japanese bundling, segment, and methodology innovation advancement is driven by these parameters. References Borgo, M. D., Goodridge, P., Haskel, J., Pesole, A. 2013. Productivity and Growth in UK Industries: An Intangible Investment Approach*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(6), 806-834. Brown, T. 2014. Change by design. HarperCollins e-books. Chen, J., Reilly, R. R., Lynn, G. S. 2012. New product development speed: too much of a good thing?. Journal of product innovation management, 29(2), 288-303. Durmuolu, S. S., Barczak, G. 2011. The use of information technology tools in new product development phases: Analysis of effects on new product innovativeness, quality, and market performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 321-330. Fuchs, C., Schreier, M. 2011. Customer empowerment in new product development*. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 28(1), 17-32. Ganotakis, P. 2012. Founders human capital and the performance of UK new technology based firms. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 495-515. Hamel, G., Prahalad, C. K. 2013, January). Creating global strategic capability. In Strategies in Global Competition: Selected Papers from the Prince Bertil Symposium at the Institute of International Business (p. 5). Routledge. Pandey, D., Kumari, S., Shrivastava, P., Rai, U. K. 2012. Sustainable Marketing Practices: A Potential Strategy for Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies. Emerging Marketing Paradigms published by Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, 417-423. Poetz, M. K., Schreier, M. 2012. The value of crowdsourcing: can users really compete with professionals in generating new product ideas?. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 29(2), 245-256. Sanderson, W. C. 2013. The end of world population growth in the 21st century: New challenges for human capital formation and sustainable development. Routledge. Sasaki, N., Hutchins, D. (Eds.). 2014. The Japanese approach to product quality: Its applicability to the West. Elsevier. Sasaki, N., Hutchins, D. (Eds.). 2014. The Japanese approach to product quality: Its applicability to the West. Elsevier. Snow, C. C., Fjeldstad, . D., Lettl, C., Miles, R. E. 2011. Organizing continuous product development and commercialization: the collaborative community of firms model. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 28(1), 3-16. Tsuji, H., Tiwana, A., Sakurai, A. 2012. Capability Leapfrogging in the Japanese IT Services Industry. Tyre, M. J., Orlikowski, W. J. 2012. Exploiting opportunities for technological improvement in organizations. Image. Wang, C. L., Rafiq, M. 2014. Ambidextrous Organizational Culture, Contextual Ambidexterity and New Product Innovation: A Comparative Study of UK and Chinese High tech Firms. British Journal of management, 25(1), 58-76.